| (1) | a | The letter was sent to the government last night. |
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| | passivisation |
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| | D-structure: [e] was sent [DP the letter] to the government last night |
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| | S-structure: the letter1 was sent t1 to the government last night |
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| | |
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(1) | b | Interesting books, I often read. |
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| | topicalisation |
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| | D-structure: [e] I often read [DP interesting books] |
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| | S-structure: interesting books1 I often read t1 |
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| | |
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(1) | c | Can you lend me your umbrella? |
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| | Subject–auxiliary inversion (yes–no question) |
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| | D-structure: [e] you can lend me your umbrella |
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| | S-structure: can1 you t1 lend me your umbrella |
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| | |
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(1) | d | In this garden, you can have a rest. |
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| | topicalisation |
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| | D-structure: [e] you can have a rest [PP in this garden] |
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| | S-structure: in this garden1 you can have a rest t1 |
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(1) | e | Has John ever been caught in the act? |
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| | passivisation and subject–auxiliary inversion (yes–no question) |
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| | D-structure before passivisation: [e] has ever been caught [DP John] in the act |
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| | D-structure after passivisation but before subject–auxiliary inversion: |
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| | [e] John1 has ever been caught t1 in the act |
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| | S-structure: has2 John1 t2 ever been caught t1 in the act |
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| | |
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(1) | f | A proposal has been handed in for the educational reform. |
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| | passivisation and extraposition |
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| | D-structure before passivisation: |
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| | [e] has been handed in [DP a proposal for the educational reform] |
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| | D-structure after passivisation but before extraposition: |
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| | a proposal for the educational reform1 has been handed in t1 |
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| | S-structure: [a proposal t2]1 has been handed in t1 for the educational reform2 |