Suggested answer for Exercise 13

(1)	a	John solved the problem independently of me.
	b	My professor lives right in the middle of nowhere.
	c	I am very afraid of wild animals.
	d	John read a book about Britain.

(1a) The phrase in this sentence is an adverb phrase (AP) headed by the adverb independently. The adverb independently has one complement. a prepositional phrase PP of me. The head merges with the complement PP to form A'. In accordance with the Specifier Rule A' further projects into AP. The X'-structure of the adverb phrase is in (2):

(2)

(1b) The phrase in this sentence is a prepositional phrase (PP) whose head is in. It is modified by the adverb right. The DP the middle of nowhere functions as the complement of the prepositional head. The head is merged with the complement. They form the P' level. The adjunct right is merged with P' making P' recursive. Finally the P' level is projected into the PP.

(3)

(1c) The structure in italics in sentence (4) is an adjectival phrase whose head is the adjective afraid. This adjective is a two-place predicate. It has an experiencer subject and a theme object. The adverb very is not in the lexical entry of the adjective. It functions as an adjunct in the structure. The adjectival head is merged with the prepositional complement of wild animals to form A'. The adjunct is merged with A' to form another A' level. Adjuncts are added to the X' structure by making one of the levels recursive. Then the higher A' merges with the subject DP to form AP as in (4).

(4)

(1d) The phrase in this sentence is a noun phrase headed by the noun book. It has a prepositional complement about Britain. The noun merges with its complement PP to form N', N' is further projects the NP level as in (5).

(5)